LOGO
pl en

New markers in ovarian cancer

Anna Markowska1, Karolina Jaszczyńska-Nowinka2

Affiliacja i adres do korespondencji
CURR. GYNECOL. ONCOL. 2012, 10 (2), p. 116-123
Streszczenie

Neoplastic markers represent high molecular weight substances produced both by neoplastic and healthy cells in response to a developing tumor. A marker may also involve any assayable substance in tumor tissue which manifests immunoreactivity distinct from that in normal tissues. Neoplastic markers serve in the detection of the disease, monitoring of treatment efficacy and in the detection of a relapse. In the case of ovarian cancer, the most recognizable marker involves CA-125, an elevated level of which is detected in around 80% serous carcinomas and which increases as the disease progresses. Early stages of ovarian carcinomas are detected by estimation of HE4 (human epididymis protein). The Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI algorithm) is based on the estimation of the CA-125 level, transvaginal ultrasound examination and condition of menopause. Other algorithms used in ovarian carcinoma include OVA-1, based also on CA-125 level, menopausal status and on four proteomic markers, and ROMA (Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm), based on CA-125 and HE4. Other markers of less pronounced importance for ovarian carcinoma include:
– CA-19-9 (antigen of gastrointestinal carcinoma) – of particular use in carcinomas of gastrointestinal tract, including pancreatic carcinoma but also mucous ovarian carcinoma;
– CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) – a marker of alimentary tract carcinomas, including colorectal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma but also mucous ovarian carcinoma;
– CA-15-3 (MUC1) – the recognized marker of breast carcinoma, the concentration of which increases in advanced stages of ovarian carcinoma;
– YKL-40 (glycoprotein of human cartilage) – allowing detection of early stages of ovarian carcinoma and its relapses;
– kisspeptin (KiSS-1) – associated with the inhibition of metastases in clarocellular ovarian carcinoma;
– HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) – similarly to clusterin, linked to resistance to chemotherapy;
– E-cadherin, SDF-1 and metadherin linked to the development of metastases;
– enzymatic markers COX-1 and in particular COX-2 correlate with the progress of the disease while an increased COX-2 level indicates resistance to chemotherapy.

Słowa kluczowe
ovarian cancer markers, CA-125, HE4, ROMA, YKL-40, KiSS-1, HIF-1α, E-cadherin, SDF-1